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This article addresses the subject of human females traveling above the Kármán line. This includes orbiting in the thermosphere through to travel in outer space. Women of many nationalities have worked in space. The first woman in space, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, flew in 1963. Although space programs were slow to incorporate them, women became common in space programs in the 1980s and beyond. Most women in space have been United States citizens, primarily with missions on the Space Shuttle. Three countries maintain active space programs that include women: China, Russia, and the United States of America. In addition, a number of other countries – Canada, France, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, South Korea, and the United Kingdom – have sent women into orbit or space on Russian or US missions. Women in space face many of the same challenges faced by their male counterparts: physical difficulties from non-Earth conditions and psychological stresses of isolation and separation. Motherhood can be an additional issue. Scientific studies on amphibians and non-human mammals generally show no adverse affect from short space missions, although the effect of extended space travel on human reproduction is not known. As of July 2014, while 24 men have journeyed to the moon, no woman has travelled beyond low earth orbit. ==Women in space programs== A number of women have traveled into space. Although the first woman flew into space in 1963, very early in crewed space exploration, it would not be until almost 20 years later that another flew. Female astronauts/cosmonauts went on to become commonplace in the 1980s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Women in space」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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